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Are you a woman over 50 who wants to ensure your body is getting all the necessary nutrients to keep you strong and healthy? Multivitamins can be a terrific approach to support general wellness and fill nutrient gaps in your diet. With so many supplements on the market, though, choosing the best product for you can be a real challenge. That's why we've done the research for you to bring you the top 8 multivitamins for women who are 50 years old and older.
These multivitamins cover everything from improving immune health to bone strength and brain function. Read on to find the ideal supplement for your requirements, bringing you closer to achieving ideal health and well-being.
8 Best Multivitamins For Women Over 50
- Overall Best: Kaged Multivitamin
- Best Vegan: Ritual Women 50+
- Best For Active Women: Transparent Labs Multivitamin
- Best Gummy: SmartyPants Women's Masters 50+
- Best Budget: Nature Made Multi For Her 50+
- Best Chewable: Chewsy Women's Multivitamin
- Best Liquid: VitaminAlly Women's 50+
- Best With Omega-3s: Centrum Multi + Omega
SFS Pick
Kaged
SFS Vegan Pick
Ritual
SFS Active Pick
Transparent Labs
1. Best Overall Multivitamin For Women Over 50: Kaged Multivitamin
Kaged Multivitamin provides you with 100% of the RDA for 21 vitamins and minerals in the form of a once-daily capsule. All of the ingredients are sourced from organic fruits and vegetables, increasing bioavailability and absorption into the body.
The vegan capsules that contain the ingredients are easy to swallow and don't have any aftertaste. As well as being suitable for vegans, this supplement is also non-GMO and gluten-free. As a bonus, you also get prebiotic fiber and polysaccharides in the form of Activealoe® Aloe Vera Prebiotic to enhance your gut health.
Each container of Kaged Multivitamin includes 60 capsules. The recommended daily dose is two capsules, so you get a one-month supply.
Pros
- 100% of RDA for 21 vitamins and minerals
- Activealoe® Aloe Vera Prebiotic
- Sourced from organic fruits and vegetables
Cons
- Relatively expensive
The whole-food multivitamin with 21 essential vitamins and minerals. It’s sourced from organic fruits and vegetables, so you can actually absorb the key micronutrients. Bioavailable...
2. Best Vegan Multivitamin For Women Over 50: Ritual Women 50+
Ritual Essentials For Women 50+ is designed to meet the nutritional needs of post-menopausal women. It contains many of the compounds that are especially important to women in this age group, including omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, folate, boron, and vitamins D, K, and B12. Being a vegan product, the omega-3 DHA comes from microalgae, while the vitamin D3 comes from lichen.
One thing that I especially appreciate about this, and all other supplements from Ritual Essentials, is that they provide a traceable supply chain, allowing you to know exactly what you're putting into your body.
Two ingredients that you won't find in Ritual Women 50+ are calcium and vitamin C. That's because research shows that most people get enough calcium and vitamin C from their diet alone. In addition, overdosing on vitamin C can impair the absorption of other compounds in the body.
Ritual Women 50+ comes in the form of a delayed-release capsule that dissolves in the small intestine. Ritual's unique design combines oily and dry ingredients in the same capsule, meaning that you don't have to take so many capsules each day to meet your nutritional needs.
Ritual Essentials is only available by subscription. However, you can cancel at any time.
Pros
- 3rd party tested
- Vegan
- Non-GMO
Cons
- Not as many ingredients as most competitors
- Subscription only
Essential For Women Multivitamin 50+ has been created with the post-menopausal woman in mind. As you age, your nutritional needs change, and Essential For Women 50+ supports...
3. Best Multivitamin For Active Women Over 50: Transparent Labs Multivitamin
Transparent Labs Multivitamin is a general-purpose multivitamin for men and women. While not specifically targeted toward women aged 50 plus, it does a very good job of meeting the micronutrient needs of this group.
Each serving of this multivitamin supplement provides you with the recommended doses of the key vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in highly bioavailable forms. Some standout ingredients that you don't normally see in a multivitamin are organic ashwagandha root extract, CoQ10, and boron citrate.
Each bottle provides you with 120 capsules. At a daily dosage of 30 capsules, which gives you a one-month supply. Transparent Labs has built a reputation for providing full transparency regarding the ingredients and dosages of their products. They employ 3rd party testers to check the purity and potency of every batch. This product is free of artificial sweeteners, flavorings, and preservatives.
Pros
- Contains ashwagandha, COQ10, and boron citrate
- 3rd party tested
- Full transparency
Cons
- Requires taking four capsules per day
Transparent Labs Multivitamin is an ultra-potent multivitamin for active men and women. Made with bioavailable forms of key vitamins and chelated minerals, such as Chromax®...
4. Best Gummy Multivitamin For Women Over 50: SmartyPants Women's Masters 50+
SmartyPants Women's Masters 50+ is the ideal solution for women who can't or prefer not to take supplements in capsule or tablet form. That's because they are provided in gummy form and specifically formulated for women aged 50 plus. There is no iron, as most menopausal women do not need as much iron as younger women.
Nutrients included in SmartyPants gummies include vitamins A, B6, B12, C, and D, and folate. You also get omega-3 fatty acids in the form of both EPA and DHA, as well as lutein and zeaxanthin.
This gummy is available in blueberry, lemon, and orange flavors. Each flavor has a pleasant taste, but that is at the cost of 6 grams of sugar per serving. A serving size is four capsules.
Pros
- Tasty gummy form
- EPA and DHA
- Includes lutein and zeaxanthin
Cons
- 6 grams of sugar per serving
SmartyPants Masters Formula Women 50+ is made with premium ingredients, that the body prefers and can easily use, to help fill nutritional gaps and help offer a number of health benefits too...
5. Best Budget Multivitamin For Women Over 50: Nature Made Multi For Her 50+
Nature Made Multi For Her 50+ contains 22 key vitamins and minerals that are needed by women in the 50-plus age group. This single tablet, once daily formula includes 100% of the RDA for vitamins B, D, C, and E. It does not contain iron, as a woman's need for this mineral decreases as they age.
The tablets that contain the ingredients in Nature Made Multi For Her 50+ are small, making them easy to swallow. This supplement has no color added, no artificial ingredients, and is gluten-free.
Nature Made Multi for Her 50+ is the most budget-friendly supplement I have come across in this category. A 90-day supply of tablets will cost you less than 14 dollars. That breaks down to less than 15 cents per daily serving!
Pros
- Excellent value for money
- 22 key vitamins and minerals
- Small, easy-to-swallow tablets
Cons
- Contains gelatin
Start your day with a multivitamin specially formulated for women 50 years and older. Each softgel provides 22 key nutrients for daily nutritional support...
6. Best Chewable Multivitamin For Women Over 50: Chewsy Women's Multivitamin
Chewsy Women's Multivitamin provides a tasty alternative to capsules, powders, and gummies. These tablets are cranberry-grape flavored and taste great! You get a total of 22 vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, 16 of which are dosed at 100% of the RDA.
Chewsy Women's Multivitamin includes some ingredients that are not common to a woman's multivitamin. These include broccoli, cranberry, and horsetail herbs. You also get probiotics to boost digestion and improve gut health, as well as biotin and pantothenic acid for skin health.
There are no artificial colors, flavors, sweeteners, dairy, or soy in this supplement. The formula is also vegetarian-friendly, non-GMO, and gluten-free.
A cool touch with this product is that every chew comes individually wrapped to boost safety and hygiene.
Pros
- Great tasting chewable supplement
- 22 vitamins and minerals
- Individually wrapped
Cons
- Has an odor that may not appeal
A powerful blend of 22 nutrients delivered in candy-style chew is everything you need to maintain a healthy, youthful body...
7. Best Liquid Multivitamin For Women Over 50: VitaminAlly Women's 50+
VitaminAlly Women's 50+ comes in the form of liquid drops. It has been formulated with liposomal technology to boost absorbency and bioavailability. To take, you simply add three drops to cold water or juice and drink it once per day.
This product consists of 12 vitamins and five minerals for a total of 17 key nutrients targeted to women in the 50-plus age group. These include vitamins A, C, D, E, and B, along with biotin, folate, zinc, chromium, iodine, manganese, and selenium. All of these nutrients are in their active, stable form. That means that they do not require any extra breakdown in the body, making them readily absorbable.
VitaminAlly Women's 50+ is 100% non-GMO, sugar-free, gluten-free, and non-major allergen-free. It is also free of any fillers and additives.
Pros
- Liposomal technology
- 17 key nutrients
- Active stable form
Cons
- Taste may not appeal to everyone
This liposomal Women’s 50+ liquid multivitamin is packed with a comprehensive blend of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, this liquid supplement is designed...
8. Best Multivitamin For Women Over 50 With Omega-3s: Centrum Multi + Omega
Centrum Multi + Omega is a liquid-filled soft gel capsule that combines the essential vitamins and minerals for older women with omega-3 fatty acids. The 22 vitamins and minerals include folate, magnesium, vitamins A, C, D, E, and zinc.
The soft gel capsules are very easy to swallow and absorb quickly into the system. The unique formula employed here effectively combines vitamins and minerals with omega-3 fatty acids. The 200 mg of omega-3 is made up of 90% EPA and 10% DHA.
Centrum is a highly regarded health supplement manufacturer. Many doctors recommend Centrumn supplements to their patients.
Pros
- Soft gel capsules
- Includes omega-3 fatty acids
- 22 vitamins and minerals
Cons
- Has a slight fishy smell
Get whole body support from Centrum Multi + Omega-3. This all-in-one supplement for women 50+ contains 22 essential nutrients, including Vitamins B6, B12, A, C, D, E, Folate...
Benefits of multivitamins for women over 50:
There have been a number of studies specifically highlighting the benefits of multivitamin supplementation for women 50 plus. Here's an overview of the key research-backed benefits.
1. May support brain health
According to research, nutrients like folate, vitamins B6, B12, and E, as well as other minerals, can aid in boosting memory and cognitive performance.
Women over 50 are more likely to experience cognitive decline, but taking a daily multivitamin with brain-supporting minerals may help lower that risk. According to studies, magnesium and vitamin D can both enhance mood and lessen depressive symptoms.
Vitamins and minerals like iron and B vitamins can help increase energy levels and reduce exhaustion. Oxidative stress can harm the brain and lead to cognitive impairment. Vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium, can help protect the brain against oxidative stress.
One study looked at the effects of multivitamins on stress and anxiety levels in women aged 50 plus. Participants were divided into two groups. One group was given a placebo, while the other was given a supplement containing 25 vitamins and minerals, including B vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc. The multivitamin group showed significant improvement in mood and reduced stress compared to the placebo group[1]
2. Supports bone health
Calcium is essential for bone health. However, as we get older, we are less able to absorb this mineral. Multivitamins that contain dietary calcium, along with vitamin D, have been shown to improve calcium absorption. Other research shows that calcium and vitamin D supplementation may help improve bone density in women over the age of 50.
After the age of 50, the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures increases, partly due to vitamin d deficiency. Taking a daily vitamin that includes vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin K can reduce these risks.
The improved muscle strength that may result from supplementing with vitamin D and calcium can also improve bone health. [2]
3. May support eye health
Multivitamin supplementation for women 50 plus might lead to a decreased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Women over 50 are more likely to develop AMD, a common eye condition that can cause vision loss. Multivitamins that contain antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene, may help lower the risk of AMD.
Several studies have shown that multivitamins containing lutein and zeaxanthin, which are carotenoids vital for eye health, can aid in enhancing visual acuity in women over 50.
Cataracts are another frequent age-related eye ailment that can impair vision. Antioxidant-rich multivitamins may lower the risk of cataracts. Vitamin A, which is frequently present in multivitamins and is crucial for keeping healthy eyes, may help reduce eye fatigue in women over the age of 50.
4. Helps fill in nutritional gaps
Due to hormonal changes and changes in metabolism brought on by aging, women over 50 have increased dietary needs, and it can be challenging for them to meet those needs just through a balanced diet. By offering a concentrated source of important vitamins and minerals, multivitamins can give you the certain nutrients you need.
Multivitamins can help promote overall health by supplying essential nutrients necessary for a variety of biological activities, such as immune function, energy production, and bone health, which can help support healthy aging.
Many women over the age of 50 experience nutrient deficiencies as a result of their diet, use of prescription drugs, and ongoing medical issues. Multivitamins can help make up for these nutritional deficiencies and prevent additional health issues. [4]
10 Common Ingredients Found in a multivitamin for women over 50:
Here's a profile of 10 key vitamins and minerals to keep an eye out for when shopping for a multivitamin for women:
1. Vitamin B6
Using vitamin B6 can reduce homocysteine, an amino acid linked to an elevated risk of heart disease. Getting enough vitamin B6 in your diet may be advantageous for women over 50 who have a higher risk of heart disease.
Numerous studies indicate that vitamin B6 can aid with memory enhancement, which is crucial for women over 50 who may be at risk for cognitive decline. Mood swings and other premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms like irritability, bloating, and erratic behavior can be helped by vitamin B6.
The production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which are crucial for controlling mood, depends on vitamin B6. [5]
Recommended dosage: 1.5-2.0 mg per day
2. Vitamin B12
The maintenance of healthy nerve cells and enhancement of mental acuity, memory, and concentration are both benefits of vitamin B12. It's crucial for women over 50 to consume enough vitamin B12 in their diets since they may be at risk for cognitive deterioration.
Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are produced in part thanks to vitamin B12. So, including adequate vitamin B12 in the diet can increase energy levels and decrease symptoms of exhaustion.
Anemia is a disorder when the body lacks enough red blood cells to deliver oxygen. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia due to age-related changes in digestion and absorption. Women over 50 are more susceptible to anemia, so consuming adequate vitamin B12 is essential for them. [6]
Recommended dosage: 2.4 mcg per day
3. Vitamin D
In addition to lowering the incidence of osteoporosis and fractures in women over 50, vitamin D is crucial for the absorption of calcium and the maintenance of healthy bones. Increasing muscle strength and balance with the aid of vitamin D can lower the risk of falls in women over 50.
Women over 50 who take vitamin D supplements may experience a lower risk of developing chronic illnesses like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. Vitamin D also has anti-inflammatory qualities.
Vitamin D may also lower the risk of infections and autoimmune illnesses in women over the age of 50. According to some research, vitamin D can help in mood improvement and depression symptom reduction. [7]
Recommended dosage: 600-800 IU per day
4. Vitamin K
Vitamin K is important for bone health in women aged 50 plus, including reducing fracture risk and increasing bone density. Research also shows that vitamin K supplementation may contribute to a lower risk of heart disease due to its ability to offset calcium build-up in the arteries.
Vitamin K has also been associated with better memory and executive function. [8]
Recommended dosage: 90-120 mcg per day
5. Calcium
Calcium is essential for maintaining healthy bones since it improves bone density and lowers the incidence of fractures in women over 50. Women over 50 are more prone to osteoporosis, which causes the bones to degenerate and become brittle. Supplementing with calcium may reduce this risk.
Some studies suggest that calcium supplements can help women over 50 with their blood pressure and risk of developing hypertension. It may also reduce the risk of developing colon cancer.
Calcium promotes dental health and can reduce the prevalence of gum disease and tooth decay in adults. [9]
Recommended dosage: 1,200-1,500 mg per day (depending on age and menopausal status)
6. Magnesium
Magnesium is important for bone health, being able to increase bone density and reduce fracture risk. It may also help lower blood pressure along with hypertension risk. Research also shows that magnesium supplementation can improve sleep quality in older adults. [10]
Recommended dosage: 320-420 mg per day
7. Zinc
Zinc supplementation may boost the immune system of women 50 plus. It also assists with sound healing and decreases the risk of macular degeneration. There is also evidence that zinc supplementation may boost cognitive functioning. [11]
Recommended dosage: 8-11 mg per day
8. Omega-3s
By reducing inflammation, enhancing blood vessel function, and lowering triglyceride levels, omega-3 fatty acids may help lower the risk of heart disease.
Brain function, memory, and mood may all be enhanced by omega-3 fatty acids, which are crucial for maintaining brain health.
Omega-3 fatty acids may assist people, especially those with rheumatoid arthritis, to lessen inflammation and enhance joint function.
Omega-3 fatty acids may help lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration and enhance general eye health. Omega-3s may also contribute to better skin health by decreasing inflammation and hydrating the skin. [12]
Recommended dosage: at least 250-500 mg per day of EPA and DHA combined
9. Potassium
Potassium is a key mineral that has been shown to help lower the risk of hypertension. It also balances the effect of sodium on blood pressure. We also need potassium for proper muscle function and to preserve the health of the nervous system.
Bone health is also enhanced by potassium. This is due to the mineral's ability to reduce calcium excretion and increase bone mineral density. [13]
Recommended dosage: Potassium: 2,600-3,000 mg per day
10. Choline
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is essential for thinking, memory, and emotion, is a precursor to choline. Choline is critical for the proper operation of the liver and may help prevent fatty liver disease.
Choline may benefit heart health by lowering homocysteine levels, which are a risk factor for heart disease, and by reducing inflammation. This mineral is crucial for proper muscular action and coordination, among other things.
Choline is also important for the development of the fetal brain throughout pregnancy and lactation and may lower the incidence of birth abnormalities. Maintaining healthy choline levels is especially crucial for breastfeeding mothers. [14]
Recommended dosage: Choline: 425-550 mg per day
What to look for when buying a multivitamin for women over 50:
Here are the five most important considerations when shopping for a multivitamin for women over 50:
1. Ingredients
In the above section, I provided an overview of the ten most important vitamins and minerals that women aged 50 plus should expect to see on the product label. A supplement that includes choline, omega-3 fatty acids, potassium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, vitamin K, vitamin D, and vitamins B6 and B12 will provide you with an excellent foundation for health and wellness.
One mineral that you may have noted by its absence is iron. That's because a woman's need for iron decreases after menopause because she is not losing iron through blood loss. Excess iron in older women may also contribute to oxidative stress.
2. Dosages
Carefully check the dosages for each nutrient in the multivitamin. In the section above, I've provided dosage guidelines for the ten key nutrients. Be sure that the multivitamin you select has the right amounts of each nutrient for your specific needs.
Depending on the form and source of a nutrient, the bioavailability of that nutrient may change. This is especially true of calcium. To ensure optimum absorption and effectiveness, choose a multivitamin that contains calcium in a form that is highly bioavailable.
3. Testing/transparency
Look for a multivitamin with a label indicating that its potency and purity have undergone independent testing. This indicates that a third-party laboratory has examined the product to ensure that it is free of contaminants and includes all of the ingredients specified on the label.
I also recommend buying your multivitamin from a company with a Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) accreditation. This certification guarantees that the producer adheres to stringent quality control procedures and standards to guarantee the product's efficacy and safety.
Stay away from products that use proprietary labeling. This is when a group of ingredients is bunched together, with just the combined dosage being given. This does not allow you to know how much of each ingredient you get.
4. Price
Don't be fooled by a cheaper price if the multivitamin doesn't satisfy your nutritional demands or isn't made by a respected company. If a product has higher-quality ingredients and has undergone independent testing for potency and purity, it may represent better value even if it costs more.
Examine and contrast the dosages of every nutrient in the multivitamin. If a product costs less and has less of some essential nutrients, don't automatically assume that it is a better deal.
5. Reviews
Customer reviews can give an indicator of the product's quality. They can provide real-world feedback on the supplements' ability to help women aged 50 plus have more energy and generally feel healthier. You can also find out if many people are experiencing side effects, how easy the tablet or capsule is to swallow, and any potential problems with the manufacturer.
Multivitamins for women over 50 FAQS
Which multivitamin is best for a 50-year-old woman?
The best multivitamin for women aged 50 plus, according to the extensive research that I have conducted, is Kaged Multivitamin. This once-daily whole-food multivitamin is made from powdered fruits, vegetables and herbs.
Should a woman over 50 take a multivitamin?
It is usually a good idea for women aged 50 plus to take a multivitamin. As women age, their bodies become less effective in absorbing a number of vitamins and minerals. Taking them in supplement form can help to make up for the reduced absorption. People in this age group are also likely to take medications that can interfere with the ability to absorb nutrients.
Women aged 50 plus may especially benefit from taking a multivitamin that includes calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and vitamin K. However, a multivitamin should not be considered a replacement for a balanced, nutritious diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. It's always a good idea to ask a healthcare professional before starting any dietary supplements.
What are the most important vitamins for a woman over 50?
The most important vitamins for women over the age of 50 are choline, omega-3 fatty acids, potassium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, vitamin K, vitamin D, and vitamins B6 and B12.
Is it better to take a multivitamin or vitamins individually?
It can be better to take individual vitamins if you have certain dietary deficiencies or health issues. For instance, taking an iron supplement instead of a multivitamin with less iron may be more beneficial if you have low iron levels.
You may also need to take specific supplements if you need larger doses of a certain vitamin or mineral. It's possible that multivitamins don't always include the right amounts of each ingredient, so taking individual supplements can enable more precise dosing.
Taking a multivitamin may be more practical than taking many nutrients one at a time. A multivitamin might be a more practical choice if you have a hectic lifestyle or struggle to remember to take vitamins.
Summary
Taking a daily multivitamin is a smart choice for women aged 50 plus. Doing so will counter such age-related effects as decreased nutrient absorption and increased demand for certain vitamins and minerals. The best multivitamin for women aged 50 plus on the current market is Kaged Multivitamin. This popular supplement provides you with 21 bioavailable essential vitamins and minerals all from organic fruits and veggies..
The whole-food multivitamin with 21 essential vitamins and minerals. It’s sourced from organic fruits and vegetables, so you can actually absorb the key micronutrients. Bioavailable...
References
- Harris, E., Kirk, J., Rowsell, R., Vitetta, L., & Sali, A. (2011). The effect of multivitamin supplementation on mood and stress in healthy older men and women. Aging & Mental Health, 15(3), 367-379. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2010.543655
- Xu, J., Tu, Y., Zhang, L., & Sun, L. (2019). Effect of daily calcium and multivitamin-mineral supplementation on bone mineral density and fractures in ambulatory elderly Chinese women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(11), 1417-1423. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.06.012
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. (2001). A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archives of Ophthalmology, 119(10), 1417-1436. doi: 10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417
- Bailey, R. L., Fulgoni III, V. L., Keast, D. R., Dwyer, J. T. (2012). Dietary supplement use is associated with higher intakes of minerals from food sources. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(6), 1310-1318. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044073
- Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R., Watson, A., Dodd, F., Jones, E., Maggini, S., ... Haskell, C. F. (2016). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 233(16), 2997-3014. doi: 10.1007/s00213-016-4379-6
- Eussen, S. J., de Groot, L. C., Clarke, R., Schneede, J., Ueland, P. M., Hoefnagels, W. H., ... van Staveren, W. A. (2005). Oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in older people with vitamin B12 deficiency: a dose-finding trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(10), 1167-1172. doi: 10.1001/archinte.165.10.1167
- Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Willett, W. C., Wong, J. B., Giovannucci, E., Dietrich, T., & Dawson-Hughes, B. (2005). Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 293(18), 2257-2264. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.18.2257
- Kurnatowska, I., Grzelak, P., Masajtis-Zagajewska, A., Kaczmarska, M., Stefańczyk, L., Vermeer, C., & Maresz, K. (2015). Effect of vitamin K2 on progression of atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in nondialyzed patients with chronic kidney disease stages 3-5. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej, 125(9), 631-640. doi: 10.20452/pamw.3153
- Jackson, R. D., LaCroix, A. Z., Gass, M., Wallace, R. B., Robbins, J., Lewis, C. E., ... Women's Health Initiative Investigators. (2006). Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(7), 669-683. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218
- Veronese, N., Zurlo, A., Solmi, M., Luchini, C., Trevisan, C., Bano, G., ... Manzato, E. (2016). Magnesium status in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 31(3), 208-213. doi: 10.1177/1533317515617495
- Prasad, A. S., Beck, F. W., Bao, B., Fitzgerald, J. T., Snell, D. C., Steinberg, J. D., & Cardozo, L. J. (2007). Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: Effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(3), 837-844. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837
- Grosso G, Galvano F, Marventano S, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:313570. doi: 10.1155/2014/313570.
- Kerstetter JE, O'Brien KO, Caseria DM, Wall DE, Insogna KL. The impact of dietary protein on calcium absorption and kinetic measures of bone turnover in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jan;90(1):26-31. doi: 10.1210/jc.2004-0824.
- Zhang Z, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, et al. Association between usual sodium and potassium intake and blood pressure and hypertension among U.S. adults: NHANES 2005-2010. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75289. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075289.
Steve Theunissen
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